2024年2月11日 星期日

建立Django 5.0的專案以及app

參考資料:Python架站特訓班Django 3最強實戰，碁峰。

 

1.打開cmd，輸入mkvirtualenv django_first命令建立虛擬環境。


2.輸入pip install django建立Django套件。


3.使用pip list命令檢查Django版本。


4.輸入django-admin startproject firstproject來建立Djano專案，利用cd firstproject來切換目錄，再利用dir來查看目錄中的檔案。


5.輸入Python manage.py startapp myapp來建立應用程式，利用md static來建立static目錄。


6.輸入python manage.py migrate指令進行模型(Model)與資料庫(Database)的同步。


7.輸入python manage.py runserver指令來啟動Server。


8.打開瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/網址，開啟首頁。


9.環境設定，設定settings.py，firstproject\settings.py。

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"""
Django settings for firstproject project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 5.0.2.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/
"""

from pathlib import Path

# Build paths inside the project like this: BASE_DIR / 'subdir'.
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent


# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-+f^d-9+pr$ii+cb4aqa4out6pgey@#y-r9k*vva=x#s&dhf4nj'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = False

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ['127.0.0.1']


# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'myapp',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'firstproject.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR/'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'firstproject.wsgi.application'


# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#databases

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}


# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]


# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hant'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Taipei'

USE_I18N = True

USE_TZ = True


# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/static-files/

STATIC_URL = 'static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    BASE_DIR/'static',
    ]

# Default primary key field type
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#default-auto-field

DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'

重新整理


10.設定URL，firstproject\urls.py。

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"""
URL configuration for firstproject project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import sayhello

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', sayhello),
]

11.定義函式myapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.
def sayhello(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello Django")

重新整理


12.利用網址傳送參數
12.1 新增sayhello2，firstproject\ulrs.py
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"""
URL configuration for firstproject project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import sayhello, sayhello2

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', sayhello),
    path('hello2/<str:username>', sayhello2),
]

12.2定義sayhello2函式，修改myapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse

# Create your views here.
def sayhello(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello Django")
    
def sayhello2(request, username):
    return HttpResponse("Hello " + username)

執行結果：
13.模版的使用
13.1 建立templates目錄，並新增templates\hello3.html檔案
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta charset='utf-8'>
	<title>雲林虎尾</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h1> 歡迎光臨：{{username}} </h1>
	<h2> 現在時間：{{now}} </h2>
</body>
</html>

13.2 設定firstproject\urls.py。

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"""
URL configuration for firstproject project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import sayhello, sayhello2, sayhello3

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', sayhello),
    path('hello2/<str:username>', sayhello2),
    path('hello3/<str:username>', sayhello3),    
]

13.3 設定視圖函式myapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from datetime import datetime

# Create your views here.
def sayhello(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello Django")
    
def sayhello2(request, username):
    return HttpResponse("Hello " + username)

def sayhello3(request, username):
    now = datetime.now()
    return render(request, "hello3.html", locals())

13.4 在瀏覽器上輸入127.0.0.1:8000/hello3/虎尾鎮。

14.加入static靜態檔案
14.1 加入hello4鏈結，firstproject\urls.py

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"""
URL configuration for firstproject project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from myapp.views import sayhello, sayhello2, sayhello3, sayhello4

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', sayhello),
    path('hello2/<str:username>', sayhello2),
    path('hello3/<str:username>', sayhello3),  
    path('hello4/<str:username>', sayhello4),      
]

14.2 修改視圖myapp\views.py
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from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from datetime import datetime

# Create your views here.
def sayhello(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello Django")
    
def sayhello2(request, username):
    return HttpResponse("Hello " + username)

def sayhello3(request, username):
    now = datetime.now()
    return render(request, "hello3.html", locals())
    
def sayhello4(request, username):
    now = datetime.now()
    return render(request, "hello4.html", locals())

14.3 修改様版templates\hello4.html。
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta charset = 'utf-8'>
	<title>雲林虎尾</title>
	{% load static %}
	<link rel="stylesheet" href="{% static "css/style.css" %}">
</head>
<body>
	<div id="home">
		<img src="{% static "images/ball.png" %}" alt="歡迎光臨" width="32" height="32"/>
		<span class="info"> 歡迎光臨：{{username}} </span>
		<h2> 現在時間：{{now}} </h2>
	</div>
</body>
</html>

14.3 新增css，static/css/style.css。
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.info {
	color:red;
	font-size: 1.5em;
}

執行結果：


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