2024年2月12日 星期一

Django 5.0：用擲骰子來說視圖(View)如何傳送變數到模版(Template)

 參考資料：Python架站特訓班Django 3最強實戰

1.打開cmd，輸入mkvirtualenv passdata命令建立虛擬環境。


2.輸入pip install django建立Django套件。

3.輸入django-admin startproject passdata來建立Djano專案，利用cd passdata來切換目錄

4.輸入python manage.py startapp passdataapp來建立應用程式，利用md static以及md templates來建立static以及templates目錄。

5.輸入python manage.py migrate指令進行模型(Model)與資料庫(Database)的同步。

6.輸入python manage.py runserver指令來啟動Server。

7.打開瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/網址，開啟首頁。

8.環境設定，設定settings.py，passdata\settings.py。

範例一、傳遞變數到Template模版
9.環境設定，設定settings.py，passdata\settings.py。
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"""
Django settings for passdata project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 5.0.2.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/
"""

from pathlib import Path

# Build paths inside the project like this: BASE_DIR / 'subdir'.
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent


# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-&no51-lnfzi&69rr-zvymsabq0=ay5ydi-auxfn4%en^623xm)'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []


# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'passdataapp',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'passdata.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR/'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',                
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'passdata.wsgi.application'


# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#databases

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}


# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]


# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hant'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Taipei'

USE_I18N = True

USE_TZ = True


# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/static-files/

STATIC_URL = 'static/'
STATICFILES_DIRS = [
    BASE_DIR/'static',
    ]
# Default primary key field type
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#default-auto-field

DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'

重新整理

10.設定URL，passdata\urls.py。
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"""
URL configuration for passdata project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from passdataapp.views import dice

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('dice/', dice),
]

11.定義dice()函式passdataapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
import random #加入random模組

# Create your views here.
def dice(request):
    no = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    return render(request, "dice.html", {"no":no})

12.新增templates\dice.html檔案

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta charset='utf-8'>
	<title>擲骰子</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h1>點數：{{no}}</h1>
</body>
</html>

執行結果：
13.開啟瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/dice/。

範例二、使用locals()傳遞變數到Template模版(一)-同時顯示3顆骰子點數
14. 設定dice2的URL，passdata\urls.py。

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"""
URL configuration for passdata project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from passdataapp.views import dice, dice2

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('dice/', dice),
    path('dice2/', dice2),
]

15.定義dice2()函式passdataapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
import random #加入random模組

# Create your views here.
def dice(request):
    no = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    return render(request, "dice.html", {"no":no})

def dice2(request):
    no1 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    no2 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    no3 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    #使用locals()函式來傳遞所有的區域變數
    return render(request, "dice2.html", locals())

16.新增templates\dice2.html檔案

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta charset='utf-8'>
	<title>擲骰子 (二)</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h1>點數一：{{no1}}</h1>
	<h1>點數二：{{no2}}</h1>
	<h1>點數三：{{no3}}</h1>
</body>
</html>

執行結果：
17.開啟瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/dice2/。

範例三、使用locals()傳遞變數到Template模版(二)-顯示玩家名稱、骰子點數和累計數。
18. 設定dice3的URL，passdata\urls.py。

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"""
URL configuration for passdata project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from passdataapp.views import dice, dice2, dice3

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('dice/', dice),
    path('dice2/', dice2),
    path('dice3/', dice3),
]

19.定義dice3()函式passdataapp\views.py。

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from django.shortcuts import render
import random #加入random模組

# Create your views here.
def dice(request):
    no = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    return render(request, "dice.html", {"no":no})

def dice2(request):
    no1 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    no2 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    no3 = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    #使用locals()函式來傳遞所有的區域變數
    return render(request, "dice2.html", locals())
    
times = 0
def dice3(request):
    global times    #宣告global變數
    times = times + 1
    local_times = times
    username = "David"
    no = random.randint(1, 6) #亂數產生1-6其中一個數字
    return render(request, "dice3.html", locals())

20.新增templates\dice3.html檔案 
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
	<meta charset='utf-8'>
	<title>擲骰子 (三)</title>
</head>
<body>
	<h1>玩家：{{username}}</h1>
	<h1>點數：{{no}}</h1>
	<h1>累計次數：{{local_times}}</h1>
</body>
</html>

執行結果：
17.開啟瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/dice3/。


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