2024年2月24日 星期六

Django 5.0：建置學生通訊錄資料庫

參考資料：Python架站特訓班django最強實戰

1..打開cmd，輸入mkvirtualenv django_first命令建立虛擬環境。


2.輸入pip install django建立Django套件。


3.輸入django-admin startproject students來建立Djano專案，利用cd students來切換目錄。


4.輸入Python manage.py startapp studentsapp來建立應用程式。


5.輸入python manage.py migrate指令進行模型(Model)與資料庫(Database)的同步。


6.輸入python manage.py runserver指令來啟動Server。


7.打開瀏覽器，輸入http://127.0.0.1:8000/網址，開啟首頁。


8. 修改students/settings.py

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"""
Django settings for students project.

Generated by 'django-admin startproject' using Django 5.0.2.

For more information on this file, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/settings/

For the full list of settings and their values, see
https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/
"""

from pathlib import Path

# Build paths inside the project like this: BASE_DIR / 'subdir'.
BASE_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent


# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production
# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/deployment/checklist/

# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!
SECRET_KEY = 'django-insecure-52y=6w_01z!@bcyzkrs@eyl(^s0li20(i8$gokwhbvw-gcj59h'

# SECURITY WARNING: don't run with debug turned on in production!
DEBUG = True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = []


# Application definition

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    'studentsapp',
]

MIDDLEWARE = [
    'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
    'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
    'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]

ROOT_URLCONF = 'students.urls'

TEMPLATES = [
    {
        'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR/'templates'],
        'APP_DIRS': True,
        'OPTIONS': {
            'context_processors': [
                'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                'django.template.context_processors.request',
                'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
            ],
        },
    },
]

WSGI_APPLICATION = 'students.wsgi.application'


# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#databases

DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
    }
}


# Password validation
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators

AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]


# Internationalization
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/i18n/

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'en-us'

TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

USE_I18N = True

USE_TZ = True


# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/howto/static-files/

STATIC_URL = 'static/'

# Default primary key field type
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/ref/settings/#default-auto-field

DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = 'django.db.models.BigAutoField'

9.在students/urls.py新增一條鏈結。

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"""
URL configuration for students project.

The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see:
    https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/5.0/topics/http/urls/
Examples:
Function views
    1. Add an import:  from my_app import views
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', views.home, name='home')
Class-based views
    1. Add an import:  from other_app.views import Home
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('', Home.as_view(), name='home')
Including another URLconf
    1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path
    2. Add a URL to urlpatterns:  path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
"""
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path
from studentsapp.views import index

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('', index),
]

10.在studentsapp/views.py下，新增index()函式。

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from django.shortcuts import render
from studentsapp.models import student

# Create your views here.

def index(request):
    students = student.objects.all().order_by('id')
    return render(request, "index.html", locals())

11.在studentsapp/models.py下，新增student資料模型。

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from django.db import models

# Create your models here.
class student(models.Model):
    cName = models.CharField(max_length = 20, null = False)
    cSex = models.CharField(max_length = 2, default = 'M', null = False)
    cBirthday = models.DateField(null = False)
    cEmail = models.CharField(max_length = 50, blank = True, default = '')
    cPhone = models.CharField(max_length = 50, blank = True, default = '')
    cAddr = models.CharField(max_length = 255, blank = True, default = '')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.cName

12.重新整理網頁

在執行網站的cmd畫面中，也看到錯誤訊息

13.模型與資料庫同步，請執行下列命令：
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrates

14.重新整理畫面

15.新增超級使用者帳號
python manage.py createsuperuser
帳號：admin
密碼：1234

15.在studentsapp/admin.py新增後台管理student資料庫的程式

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from django.contrib import admin
from studentsapp.models import student

# Register your models here.
admin.site.register(student)

16.登錄後台

17.查看student資料庫

18.按下上圖students旁的Add鈕，新增一筆資料。

19.按下上圖的SAVE鈕。

20.重新整理前台畫面


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