用繪圖來學習Python物件導向設計以及意外處理

類別階層圖：

功能：draw()
以下程式是由ChatGPT產生。

範例一

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import turtle class Shape: def __init__(self, x, y, color): self.x = x self.y = y self.color = color self.t = turtle.Turtle() self.t.speed(3) self.t.penup() self.t.goto(self.x, self.y) self.t.pendown() self.t.color(self.color) def draw(self): pass # 讓子類別實作 class Square(Shape): def __init__(self, x, y, color, side_length): super().__init__(x, y, color) self.side_length = side_length def draw(self): for _ in range(4): self.t.forward(self.side_length) self.t.right(90) class CircleShape(Shape): def __init__(self, x, y, color, radius): super().__init__(x, y, color) self.radius = radius def draw(self): self.t.circle(self.radius) # 初始化 turtle 畫布 screen = turtle.Screen() screen.bgcolor("white") # 創建方形與圓形物件 square = Square(-50, 50, "blue", 100) circle = CircleShape(100, -50, "red", 50) # 繪製圖形 square.draw() circle.draw() # 點擊畫布後關閉 screen.exitonclick()

執行結果：

範例二

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import turtle class Shape: def __init__(self, x, y, color): try: if not isinstance(x, (int, float)) or not isinstance(y, (int, float)): raise ValueError("座標 (x, y) 必須是數字") if not isinstance(color, str): raise TypeError("顏色必須是字串") self.x = x self.y = y self.color = color self.t = turtle.Turtle() self.t.speed(3) self.t.penup() self.t.goto(self.x, self.y) self.t.pendown() self.t.color(self.color) except Exception as e: print(f"初始化 Shape 物件時發生錯誤: {e}") def draw(self): pass # 讓子類別實作 class Square(Shape): def __init__(self, x, y, color, side_length): try: super().__init__(x, y, color) if not isinstance(side_length, (int, float)) or side_length <= 0: raise ValueError("邊長必須是正數") self.side_length = side_length except Exception as e: print(f"初始化 Square 物件時發生錯誤: {e}") def draw(self): try: for _ in range(4): self.t.forward(self.side_length) self.t.right(90) except AttributeError: print("無法繪製正方形，請檢查初始化是否成功") class CircleShape(Shape): def __init__(self, x, y, color, radius): try: super().__init__(x, y, color) if not isinstance(radius, (int, float)) or radius <= 0: raise ValueError("半徑必須是正數") self.radius = radius except Exception as e: print(f"初始化 CircleShape 物件時發生錯誤: {e}") def draw(self): try: self.t.circle(self.radius) except AttributeError: print("無法繪製圓形，請檢查初始化是否成功") # 初始化 turtle 畫布 screen = turtle.Screen() screen.bgcolor("white") # 測試輸入錯誤的數據 invalid_square = Square("wrong", 50, "blue", -100) # 會觸發 ValueError invalid_circle = CircleShape(100, -50, 123, 50) # 會觸發 TypeError # 創建正常的方形與圓形物件 square = Square(-50, 50, "blue", 100) circle = CircleShape(100, -50, "red", 50) # 繪製圖形 square.draw() circle.draw() # 點擊畫布後關閉 screen.exitonclick()

執行結果：

初始化 Shape 物件時發生錯誤: 座標 (x, y) 必須是數字

初始化 Square 物件時發生錯誤: 邊長必須是正數

初始化 Shape 物件時發生錯誤: 顏色必須是字串